If you are a chocolate lover, then you might want to avert your gaze. But, if you value human rights slightly more than chocolate, then, by all means, read on.
The story of blood chocolate begins with a feisty, young capitalist named Milton Hershey who entered the wide world of chocolate in 1893 not long after the invention of milk chocolate. He was following in the footsteps of chocolatiers like John Cadbury (who, in England, had realized that chocolate surpassed all his other ventures in profitability). In the budding era of capitalism, Hershey looked to monopolize on all aspects of chocolate production. His vast empire took over entire towns like Derry Church, Pennsylvania (later renamed Hershey, PA) and Hershey, Cuba (built around his sugar mill plantations).
Fast forward some hundred years, it became painfully obvious that chocolate was more than a hit, it was an addiction for many people. Addiction = profitability. In order to feed the mass chocolate addiction ($13 billion spent on chocolate in the United States in 2001), the chocolate industry turns to West Africa for the cocoa. Currently West Africa produces 70% of the world's cocoa used for chocolate.
This raised an interesting business question. Feeding into the chocolate craze in the Western consumer was a piece of (chocolate) cake, but how does one maximize the profitability of the endeavor? The answer was simple. Keep the cocoa prices extremely low. Pay the cocoa producers virtually nothing for the goods and let them hire child slave labor in order to even turn a profit. In the meanwhile, companies like Hershey's could mark up the product considerably and earn a profit of over half a billion per year.
In 2000, there was an outcry by the international community against the exploitation of labor by the chocolate giants. According to an article in the Kansas City Star, boys barely over 4 feet tall were made to work on 500 acre plantations from sunrise to sunset. They were made to carry bags of cocoa beans almost as big as them and if they did not hurry, they were beaten. Boys were beaten if they fell down while carrying the bags. According to other sources, there are approximately 284,000 children working on cocoa plantations and many of them have arrived as a result of child trafficking.
The chocolate giants failed to meet a July 2005 deadline to adopt a monitoring system for the labor conditions on the cocoa plantations. The companies later promised that they would have that system in place by July 2008. Most critics agree that even if these systems were adopted, they would not do enough to solve the problem. These efforts are usually just empty promises that would be underfunded and uneventful even if implemented.
The root of the problem goes to the low cocoa prices and the poverty faced by farmers in West Africa. Nothing has changed since 2000. Hershey's has continued to turn tremendous profits.
In spite of the damning reports against Hershey's (and the known 280,000 child laborers on cocoa plantations), Hershey's website claims:
Today, thanks to a landmark, independent survey conducted in 2002 by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in cooperation with the International Labor Organization of the UN (ILO) and funded by The Hershey Company and other industry members, we have a clearer picture of actual working conditions on these farms. Contrary to media reports, the survey found that the vast majority of farmers in the region grow cocoa responsibly; no instances of slavery or forced labor were found on the more than 4,500 farms surveyed. . . the clear picture that emerged was far different from initial media reports.
Evidently, Hershey's is not trying to solve the problem because it has refused to acknowledge that the problem even exists. It bases its findings on a research that it itself funded. Apparently, Hershey's finds no conflicts of interest and everything is roses. M&M/Mars, the other chocolate giant, has at least recognized the problem of child labor exists and it has remained silent on whether it exists among its own suppliers. Mars has offered some lofty language and empty promises to appease the local chocolate consumer; however what meaningful action will be taken, remains to be seen.
So, to you, lover of chocolate and lover of love, I recommend
Fair Trade chocolate. Fair Trade chocolate is labeled as such by the
Fair Trade Labelling Organizations (FLO) which guarantees that the farmers who farmed the cocoa were paid a fair share for their work based on the cost to maintain a healthy standard of living in that area. Since the cocoa prices are low, the FLO adds a fair trade premium to the costs to ensure that the farmers can earn a decent profit.
Look for fair trade chocolate which can be found in ample grocery stores around the country. In addition to being slave labor free, most of the fair trade chocolates have organic cocoa and unrefined sugar. Companies like
Equal Exchange and
Global Exchange are a few that offer this service. Numerous grocery stores like Trader Joe's and Whole Foods also carry fair trade goods including chocolate, coffee, and other products.
Other chocolate companies like Russell Stover also have better policies towards blood chocolate. President of the company, Tom Ward includes a contract provision with suppliers forbidding the use of child labor. He noted on this issue:
Inhumane labor conditions is a worldwide problem that American companies must heed, or face severe public reaction. Any company that does not understand the impact that can have is not very smart.
The end of the story, as is always the end in a story about a commodity chain, is with you, the consumer. The time has come for the consumer to stop the blind consumption of whatever the market feeds us (whether images or chocolate). You are the all powerful consumer. Chocolate is what you want, child labor free is how you want it, and if big chocolate can't provide that, then you won't buy it.